Organisation Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Association Change - Research Paper Example This paper distinguishes associations that have actualized distinctive authoritative systems, the one that is best, and the explanation for its prosperity. Associations That Have Adopted Different Change Strategies Tuning (Anticipatory and Incremental) Tuning is actualized when the board envisions a change and a steady change is started. A case of this is the tuning of promoting exercises by Du Pont. Du Pont received an advertising system called Adopt-a-Customer program, wherein a blue-nabbed laborer would by and by visit a client to comprehend his needs and give them to the organization (Kreitner, 2008). This creative thought supplanted the conventional method of trusting that the client will report an issue and afterward fix it. This was a viable system that converted into hierarchical achievement. Adjustment (Reactive and Incremental) Adaptation is likewise a steady change, yet here the change isn't proactive however receptive to outer upgrades. Portage with its streamlined stylin g had rolled out an effective improvement that emphatically influenced the presentation of the organization. So as to contend with Ford, Chrysler and General Motors had to embrace an adjustment in their plan (Oden, 1999). Reorientation (Anticipatory and Discontinuous) Reorientation is an expectant change wherein critical redirection of the association happens. A case of this is the change made at At&T by CEO Bob Allen. The organization experienced numerous extreme changes during the 1980s, for example, rebuilding of the specialty units, new supervisory groups, change in generally technique, new acquisitions, and so on (Palmer, Dunford and Akin, 2008). These progressions were in light of expectant changes in the business expected because of deregulation and weight from universal rivalry. Re-Creation (Reactive and Discontinuous) Re-creation additionally includes significant alterations in the association, it is like reorientation yet the change here is receptive. A case of this is the finished rebuilding of Apple Inc., in the mid 90s. Apple was under the danger of being closed down; it had not had the option to adjust to the changing occasions and rivalry. It was then totally rebuilt which incorporated another product offering and even new board individuals. Best Changes and the Reasons behind Them The accomplishment of a hierarchical change is reliant on different variables and, consequently, each change must be assessed independently. In the above-distinguished changes, the best is the re-creation change in Apple. The straightforward explanation behind this is the progressions made in the organization during the 90s have today brought about Apple being one of the most significant organizations on earth. There are various purposes for this. The change carried center to the product offering. The quantity of items was diminished and more spotlight was given on building up an age of a similar item as opposed to various items. The rebuilding of the board acquir ed new thoughts and aptitude to the organization. Moreover, the adjustment in the authority style (Steve Jobs’ appealling administration) had an enormous effect to the company’s fortunes. One Category More Successful Than Another Even however the diversion change is distinguished as the most successf

A Plea For MME. Loisel

Understanding Mathilde Loisel, the principle character in Guy de Maupassant’s story The Necklace, isn't straightforward.  Madame Loisel carried on with a modest life as the spouse of an assistant; in any case, she wanted the life of her rich companion Madame Forestier.â One night Matilde’s husband returned home with a solicitation to an occasion at the Palace and Matilde reacted with a nauseating dismay to the greeting: â€Å"What do you wish me to do with that.†Nevertheless, Matilde and her significant other found the cash to secure a dress and get a unique precious stone neckband from her companion Madame Forestier. At the Ball Matilde was the prettiest, generally happy, wanted female of the night. After getting back, Matilde acknowledged she had lost her friend’s jewelry. Matilde and her significant other made up a lie and acquire cash to supplant the lost thing. The destiny Matilde found in supplanting the necklaceâ€ten long periods of hard labo r†was to harsh.Her VanityWhat is simply the reason for Matilde’s prompted punishment?â from the get go it appears to the peruser that she is being reproached for lying and losing the jewelry.  But is this the case?â The reason for Matilde’s issue isn't lying about the lost neckband, yet her vain disposition towards the jealousy of a superior life.â How does the peruser know the reason for her discipline is vanity?First, Matilde won't go to the ball without the best possible material assets of a dress or jewelry.â Second, she is devoured by shaping a lie to ensure the accessory rather then coming clean and assuming liability for her fault.Third, Matilda is eager to forfeit 10 years of hard work to pay for her mistake.â In the end, Matilde over-responded to the circumstance and her vanity made her concealment a basic permissible sin. Matilde’s over extravagance in her own personal circumstance is to be faulted for the formation of her expound lie. â The loss of the accessory is the aftereffect of her vanity.The PunishmentWhat cost did Matilda pay for her endeavor to conceal the vanity underneath the loss of the jewelry and the lie to cover it up?â The peruser realizes that Matilde endured ten years of drudgery in hard physical work to reimburse the money related estimation of the necklace.â Furthermore, Matilde’s spouse worked broad hours at his specific employment and relinquished his legacy to pay for the necklace.â Consequently, Matilde endured the loss of her physical excellence while being devastated as a captive to the family units she cleaned.â also, Matilde and her better half had to leave any chance of ascending the social stepping stool in light of the fact that most of their lives would be spent attempting to follow through on back the cost of the necklace.â Matilde’s discipline was unreasonably cruel for basically being vain.The PleaMadame Loisel’s pride, which is a result of her v anity, has given her the virus hand of an unexpected fate.â The amusing part in the story is that Madame Forestier’s neckband was not genuine in any case and Matilde’s view of Madame Forestier and the privileged life ended up being similarly as fake. Matilde ought not need to address the cost she accomplished for something that was not genuine regardless.  In the end, Madame Loisel endured an unjustified type of an unexpected discipline corresponding to the seriousness that her vanity ought to have caused.In an alternate situation, Matilde ought to have come clean about the accessory from the second she discovered it was lost.â Had she done this her destiny may have had an increasingly constructive result.â Nonetheless, the straightforward misstep of having an excessive amount of pomposity doesn't merit a lifelong incarceration of chastisement.Fortunately, Matilde wound up taking in an exercise from her mix-up and had the option to tell the truth.â  As an o utcome, Matilde came back to her unassuming self and had the fearlessness to move toward Madame Forestier to discover the genuine truth.â The error Matilde caused was that she obtained a jewelry to feel significant for one night in her modest life and experience what rich individuals took for granted.â Matilde’s blames in her character ought not restrain her until death.â Madame Loisel didn't merit the unforgiving punishment of ten years of hard work. Â

Book Cover Design Advice and Inspiration

Book Cover Design Advice and Inspiration The level of digital media rapidly increases every day, but take a trip to your local bookstore and youll probably notice that print design is still alive and well. Although I love working in both digital and print media, theres something special about being able to hold a beautifully designed printed object in your hands, and some of the best and most unique designs in the field today are found on the covers of books.Designing a great book cover can be a challengeâ€"in order for your design to be effective, it has to creatively represent the material inside while being distinct enough to grab the attention of a viewer and make a significant impact. Because of the complexities of the various different kinds of books, designing book covers can be a valuable exercise to practice your design thinking skills. Here are a few tips to get you on your way to designing stunning covers.Start with a conceptThe best way to get started on a book design is to develop a solid concept that reflects the overall key message or tone of the book. Thoroughly understanding the content and the goal of the content are critical steps in making a successful cover. In order to do this, its a good idea for you to actually read the content if its available to you or if time allows. Even if you have a fast-approaching deadline or the content is complicated, there are still ways you can gain a true understanding of the content without reading it word-for-word. Read summaries or synopses, character sheets, reviewsâ€"basically, any material you can get your hands on in order to really comprehend the book.Next, its time to translate themes and messages of the content into visuals. There are a few different techniques to do this, but my favorite is to develop a mood boardâ€"itll help you organize any visual inspiration you get from the content. Go through your content and make a list of adjectives that describe the tone or overall feeling. Some example adjectives might be dark, mysterious, playf ul, hopeful, serious, noir, classic, scholarly, and funny. Find any recurring objects, settings, motifs, or important scenes and add them to your board. You might find that these words and images start to evoke certain color palettes or typefaces that you can start to explore. The goal of your mood board is to create a visual picture of the content and its meaning which you can draw inspiration from. Generally, covers that are more symbolic tend to be more visually interesting than literal cover designs, so think about how you can represent themes with a subtle visual metaphor that might intrigue a reader. Understanding the tone of your book will help you to create visuals for your cover that are appropriate for the content and that hint at the overall theme. Think of the cover as a sneak peek for the readerâ€"the first chance to draw them into whatever is inside.Stick to your genreKeeping the genre of your book in mind is importantâ€"the cover of a mystery novel looks very differen t from a textbook or childrens book, and it might contain different information with a different hierarchy. Depending on the genre, youll have a different audience to cater to and should design with this audience in mind. For example, a young adult novel cover should appeal to teenagers, so you might use a more youthful design or employ trendier colors and typefaces. For a nonfiction book about politics, the cover you design might feel more formal and academic. Keeping the design applicable to the genre helps readers to quickly understand what kind of book it is and what kind of content theyll find inside.Take a look at other book covers in your genre to see what kinds of techniques they use. This can provide a bit of inspiration, but it can also help you to avoid repeating concepts that have already been done or using common visual clichés which show up frequently within the genre. For example, mystery novels often use doors, long shadows, dead trees, etc.â€"this doesnt mean that you cant use these elements, but your cover will stand out more if you find a way to fit within the genre while still being unique. Try putting a new spin on a cliché or use unexpected visuals or type treatments.Keep it simpleOne of the biggest mistakes I see with novice book cover designs is trying to do too many things at once. Keep typefaces, colors, and information to a minimumâ€"remember, you only have a few seconds to grab the attention of a reader. This doesnt mean that you have to create a minimal design, but making sure the elements of your cover arent overwhelming together is critical to a professional-looking design.Make sure your layout has a clear hierarchyâ€"this will help a reader navigate through the presented information and understand it easier and faster. Keep all copy as legible and easy-to-read as possibleâ€"this is especially important if youre given a lot of copy to put on the cover. Contrasting your type and imagery can help create a pleasant visual balance. For example, if you choose a busy, complicated image as a background, contrast that with a simple typeface so that the two dont compete. Relate the placement of your type with the image so that the design feels intentional and cohesive. The two should work together harmoniously so that the cover feels great and cohesive as a whole.Dont forget productionProduction is another important aspect of book cover design to keep in mind. Make sure you know the specifications of your book coverâ€"this includes things like spine width, bleed, margins and safe areas, and where the barcode will go. Having this information before you start designing will help save time and hassle in the long run.There are a variety of binding and finishing options that can elevate your design and get a passerby to pick it up. Depending on the project budget (and how much control you have in the production process), elements like spot gloss, foil stamping, coatings, and embossing can be options to consider. Howeve r, as a general rule, I would avoid using too many of these options at onceâ€"simplicity is key to keep your cover from looking too gimmicky or overwhelming. The production of your book cover should feel as intentional and thought-out as the design itself so that nothing feels like an afterthought or out of place.When deciding on finishing options, I like to stop by bookstores and take notes on what other books are doingâ€"what kind of paper they use, whether the covers are matte or gloss, what elements are embossed, etc. This can help inspire you on where finishing would be best-suited on your design. Be sure to discuss production with your client and/or printer to see what options are feasible for the timeline and budget of the project youre working on.Break the rulesOnce you have the basics of design and layout down, dont hesitate to try something completely unconventional or risky. Some of the most successful book covers take this unorthodox approach in ways that make sense for their content. Try altering the orientation of the text, losing the margins, or making the text really big or really small. Use jarring or impactful imagery, die cut holes in the cover, or spread the title over the whole front and back. Breaking the rules doesnt work in every situation, but it can allow you a little more artistic freedom to explore and push the memorability of your cover. Doing something bold with the cover is a great way to prompt a reader to pick up a book.Practice!In my opinion, book cover design is one of the best (and most fun!) ways to practice your overall design skills, especially if youre new to the field. Covers require critical thinking, concepting, sketching, typography, layout, and productionâ€"skills that can be applied to many other projects. And unlike other mock projects, its fairly easy to develop a fake brief for a book cover assignment. Try redesigning an existing book, or use a site like Plot Generator to develop fake titles and blurbs. Doing a handful of fake covers as a personal project can help you to improve your skills and provides great portfolio work when youre just starting out. And, because the projects are your own, youll have more freedom to try new things than you might with a real-life client.Below are three fake book covers I designed for three different genres. Each one uses a different stylistic approach and organizes the information differently.This cover for a made-up thriller uses bold, brushed typography and a subtle textural background of a city. The pop of yellow color conveys a sense of urgency and helps the title stand out over the mysterious background.Just because a book is educational or instructional, doesnt mean it cant be beautifully designed. I designed this cooking guide to be simple, using only blue and white, to create an approachable feel for new chefs. The clean, sparse typography contrasts nicely with the more detailed vintage illustrations which make the book feel classic and timeless. For a romance novel, I went with a minimal approach that uses warm colors and lots of white space. I pulled the simple circles off the edge of the cover to reference a sun setting, and the overlapping circles create a sense of connection and movement.Book cover design can be a difficult and complex process, but keeping these few guidelines in mind will help you to create more successful and meaningful covers.

The Underlying Hate Of America - 836 Words

Renner 1 Taylor Renner Mrs.Sanchez Honors English 10 14 September 2015 The Underlying Hate in America A white man and a black man both walk into a store, both have same calm reaction, but the store clerk is suspicious of one for theft. Based on prejudice it can already be assumed who was wrongly accused. This is a prime example of underlying racism and white privilege. In today s society racism is still a large problem. Racism is a malevolent set of ideas that was race is inferior as opposed to others. It is a poisonous cycle that can never be solved until people can acknowledge their privilege, have more compassion and take a stand against racism. Lots of people have had the mindset that people not as privileged as them can get work, respect, etc. by working hard for it. Since these people don t live the same type of life they will never know how their life compares to others. If they wanted to do better they could. And they expect us to just accept them? (Griffin, Black Like Me, 110). This was the mindset of a character in Black Like Me, a book written in 1961. America now looks ba ck at that time period as one of the worst in our history. People fifty years from now, will probably regard present day America s actions the same. A major theme in To Kill a Mockingbird was that to understand a person you Renner 2 need to think about what it s like to be them. Many black people do not have the same resources and social rights thatShow MoreRelatedTo Kill A Mockingbird Societal Structure Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagescritique and evaluate the flaws in her own 1960s America. A particular incident which is central to Lee’s underlying message is the trial of Tom Robinson. Robinson’s trial serves to reveal the institutionalisation of racism and bigotry, as well as the insatiable thirst for power created by the social hierarchy. 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Some immigrants bring their families. Others come alone with nothing but determination. Racial discrimination against minorities and immigrants is an underlying problem here in America today. Racism is seen in our daily lives when people are discriminated against because of their race and ethnicity. Racism attacks the right to a person’s well-being on the basis of something they have no control over. They cannot changeRead MoreAnalysis Of Jhumpa Lahiri s Interpreter Of Maladies1451 Words   |  6 Pagespuzzled him that each was in its own way so silly. Clearly they lacked a sense of sacredness. He was further puzzled that Twinkle, who normally displayed good taste, was so charmed† (138). In India, religion influences public life on a daily basis. In America, usually people are very religious, somewhat religious, or not religious whatsoever. Nobody is shunned because they only go to church on Sunday, or only donate during Christmas time. Everyone lives by their own unspoken rules. In this story, SanjeevRead MoreNegative Effects Of American Culture1453 Words   |  6 Pageseffects. However you digest american culture you cannot deny that there is good and bad and when analyzed in greater detail you can make your own judgements on whether a certain part of american culture is positive or negative. Here is why I love and hate many aspects of the American culture. A characteristic of America’s culture that I dislike is the amount of people our legal system has incarcerated. We are supposed to be known as the land of the free yet 0.91% of the population has been strippedRead MoreGay Bashing1670 Words   |  7 Pagesconvince us that homosexuality is normal, but they confuse frequency and familiarity with normality. Today s world is more familiar with homosexuals, their reputation, their struggles, their status in the population, but that doesn t change the underlying biology: homosexuality is not normal. We are all people. People who love, cry, eat and breathe just like everybody else does. If homosexuality is not normal, then what is it? Homosexuals, and heterosexual as well, argue that it is not a choiceRead MoreCivil Liberties Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagestake advantage of civil liberties supporting limits on freedom of speech. They believe that degradation of humanity is inherent in unregulated speech. For example, according to Delgado and Stefancic, a larger or more authoritative person can use hate speech to physically threaten and intimidate those who are less significant (qtd. in Martin 49). Freedom of speech can also be used to demoralize ethnic and religious minorities. Author Liam Martin, points out that if one wants to state that a minorityRead MoreThroughout his career rapper Kanye West, has been portrayed as many different things in the media1100 Words   |  5 Pagesto realize and express all the racism and racial inequality that have hindered his life chances a nd the life chances of those around him. Kanye uses College Dropout as something that points out these issues and allows countless people throughout America and the world to relate. Of the countless songs on College Dropout that are excellent examples of this, one of the best is â€Å"Jesus Walks†. Kanye says â€Å"Getting choked by detectives: yeah, yeah, now check the method They be asking us questions, harassRead Moreâ€Å"The Plague Of Racism Is Insidious, Entering Into Our Minds1282 Words   |  6 Pages’’ In a new nationwide poll conducted by CNN and the Kaiser Family Foundation, roughly half of Americans -- 49% -- say racism is a big problem in society today.’’ (p. 1). Slavery in America plays a big part in the reason racism still exists today. Any act of Racism should be against the law. Racisms leads to hate, violence, and physiological damage. First, racism causes mental distress and physiological damage. Racism cause mental distress by lowering a person self-esteem, and making a person

Managerial Economics and Globalization Example

Essays on Managerial Economics and Globalization Research Paper 1. Introduction After struggling with a near depression conditions in 2009, the US market is showing slow but continuous growth, and it is expected to continue its rebound, aided by growth in global markets of Asia as well as numerous new economic and monetary policies. The Real Gross Domestic Product, commonly referred to as the GCP, represents the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, or BEA (Gans 2010). Quarterly, the BEA along with numerous other government and private entities, such as the Bureau for Labor Statistics and the Federal Reserve, release detailed information on the state of the economy that can be interpreted to yield important findings about the macroeconomic state of the US economy, and further yield economic information of particular use to certain states, business sectors, and other organizations concerned with development and analysis of economic trends. 1.1 The current economic conditions Persistent financial difficulties in the second half of 2009 proved challenging for a number of businesses, and the recovery in 2010 is slow and uncertain. Stimulation of the Asian marketplace in the second half of 2009 largely paved the way for renewed growth, and many economists are optimistic about the second half of 2010 as one that will continue that trend of recovery. Though domestic growth may remain limited over what was seen in the late 1990s and early 2000s, new expansionary budgetary and monetary policies in US and Asian markets are expected to increased global growth (Euler, 2010). These measures are expected to stabilize growth rates in the US market. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) published its first estimate of the real GCP for the first quarter on April 30th 2010 and the publication for the second quarter was made on July 30th 2010 (2010). Real GDP increased at a rate of 2.4 percent in the second quarter of 2010, down from the 3.7 percent in the first quarter (BEA, 2010). The GDP in the US increased 0.8000 of 1 percent above the level that existed in the last quarter of 2009. Particularly considering the recession conditions of the previous year, the growth rate of the first quarter was quite impressive and could lead to fulfillment of the BEA’s published 3.2 percent growth, which seemed somewhat optimistic to many economists, rate if sustained over the four quarters of 2010 (Watkins, 2010). Figure 1 shows the quarter-to-quarter growth of the real GDP from 2006-2010, indicating by positive bars the return to economic growth. Growth slowed in the second quarter of 2010, largely because of the upturn in the resident ial market, increased federal spending, upturn in state and local government spending, and a pickup in business investments (BEA, 2010). If growth patterns continue to conform to BEA published estimates, hypothetical increases in real GDP in the third and fourth quarter of 2010, if fulfilled, would be excellent news for the US economy. Monthly data on changes in the price paid by urban consumers in the US for a representative sampling of goods and services is represented by the Consumer Price Indexes (CPI), and employer, import/export, contract, international, and producer price data is also available (BLS, 2010). The CPI increased 0.3 percent in July 2010 after falling 0.1 percent the previous month. All items except food and energy showed a 0.1 increase in July and a 0.2 percent increase in June, though annual rates of inflation remain much lower than 2009, as shown in Figure 2. The BLS also conducts statistics on unemployment, showing that the total nonfarm payroll employment declines by 131,000 workers as of July, maintaining the annual unemployment rate at a somewhat high 9.5 percent (BLS, 2010). Interest rates have remained low, at 0.25 percent, throughout 2010, a dramatic drop from the escalating interest rates of the previous year, as seen in Figure 3 (â€Å"United States Interest Rate†, 2010). The C onsumer Sentiment Index shows improvement after the second quarter of 2010. The Consumer Confidence Index also is gradually improving, as seen in Figure 4, after a sharp drop in the first months of 2010 (â€Å"Consumer Confidence Index,† 2010). 1.2 Two Monopolistically Competitive Firms Monopolistically competitive markets have many producers and consumers. With no single business having total control over the market price. In these markets consumers perceive differences in products other than prices, such as brand, there are few barriers to new firms entering, and producers have some control over price. Some companies, such as the following, can behave like short-term monopolies (Gans et al., 2003). 1. Nike – Producer of sportswear and shoes in a large market with many firms which consumers can purchase from. The company fixes price points higher than many of its competitors and retains sales by establishing a brand name. 2. Stanley Black and Decker – Producer of hand tools and mechanical/electric solutions. The company fixes prices in the moderate range and supports this with advertising and a known brand name that appeals to consumers. In 2010, both of these firms exercised high product differentiation, low market power, and high short-range profits (often on new product lines) while serving as the price setters for their respective goods in a market with a high number of firms , indicative of a monopolistically competitive firm. 2. Analysis: a. stock performance In 2010, Nike stocks were up to record high levels following a dramatic drop and gradual ascent over 2009, as seen in Figure 5 (â€Å"Nike, Inc.,† 2010). Stanley Black and Decker, Inc retained higher profit levels through 2009 than Nike, comparatively, and has shown a gradual recovery throughout 2009 and 2010, as seen in Figure 6 (â€Å"Stanley†¦,† 2010) b. current and future sales revenue Fourth quarter revenues for Nike, Inc. were up 8 percent versus prior year to $5.1 billion (â€Å"Annual Reports,† 2010). With restructuring of Nike operations taking effect in 2010, revenues are expected to increase over the next quarters. Stanley Black and Decker, Inc. showed a 157% sales revenue increase after its July merger with RCR-Evans, and is expected to maintain these high levels through the next quarters. The 2009 sales revenue for the company was $3.7 billion dollars, down from the previous two years (â€Å"Investor Relations Overview,† 2010). c. current and future profits Nike, Inc.’s worldwide futures orders were up 7 percent. Before taxes, Nike, Inc. showed profits of $434.6 in North America alone, and $795.3 globally. Stanley Black and Decker, Inc. showed gross margin rates of 37.7%, with $184.8 million profit from the second quarter alone (â€Å"Investor Relations Overview,† 2010). d. labor costs Nike has paid $1,254.5 million in labor costs, slightly higher than historical averages (â€Å"Annual Reports,† 2010). Stanley Black and Decker, Inc. does not have an accessible cumulative figure for labor costs (â€Å"Investor Relations Overview,† 2010). e. hiring decisions In March 2009, Nike announced plans to consolidate parts of its global sourcing base in China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Overseas hiring for these plants has continued throughout the process. Stanley Black and Decker continues to open more domestic jobs (â€Å"Investor Relations Overview,† 2010). 3. Summary and Conclusions drawn from the Analysis The global economy, in particular the US economy, dropped dramatically during the 2009 to near-depression states. Most monopolistically competitive businesses showed a drop in profits and revenue over prior years, likely due to poor consumer spending during these periods, causing reductions or holds on hiring. The year 2010 has been characterized by a gradual but stable recovery, with businesses gearing up to hire both domestically and internationally in response to the improving macroeconomic conditions in the United States and increased consumer confidence and spending. References Annual Reports: Nikes Performance. (2010). Nike. Retrieved from http://invest.nike.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=100529p=irol-reportsannual (23 August 2010). BEA: Bureau of Economic Analysis. (August 2010). Retrieved from http://www.bea.gov/ (23 August 2010). BLS: Bureau of Labor Statistics. (August 2010). Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/ (23 August 2010). Consumer Confidence Index. (August 2010). Chart Database at Market Harmonix. Retrieved from http://www.market-harmonics.com/free-charts/sentiment/consumer_confidence.htm (23 August 2010). Gans, J., King, S., Stonecash, R and Mankiw G. (2003). Principles of Economics. Andover, UK: Thomson Learning. Hermes, Euler. (March 2010) Economic Outlook as of March 2010. EH Hermes ACI Business Reports. Retrieved from http://www.eulerhermes.us/en/economic-research/economic-research.html (23 August 2010). Investor Relations Overview. (2010). Stanley Black and Decker. Retrieved from http://ir.stanleyblackanddecker.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=114416p=irol-irhome (23 August 2010). Nike, Inc. (Public, NYSE:NKE). (2010). Google Finance Reports. Retrieved http://www.google.com/finance?client=obq=NYSE:NKE (23 August 2010). Stanley Black and Decker, Inc. (Public, NYSE:NKE). (2010). Google Finance Reports. Retrieved http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:SWK (23 August 2010). United States Interest Rate. (August 2010). Trading Economics. Retrieved from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/Interest-Rate.aspx?Symbol=USD (23 August 2010). Watkins, T. (May 2010). A Statistical Review of Current Economic Conditions in the U.S. San Josà © State University Department of Economics Webpage. Retrieved from http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/USecon08.htm (23 August 2010). Appendix Figure 1 : Quarter to Quarter Growth in Real GDP (BEA 2010) * http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdphighlights.pdf Figure 2 : Month by Month Seasonally Adjusted Percent Change in CPI (BLS 2010) * http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/cpi.pdf Figure 3 : US Interest Rate Calendar (â€Å"United States Interest Rate†, 2010) Figure 4 : Consumer Confidence Index (â€Å"Consumer Confidence Index †, 2010) Figure 5 : Nike, Inc. Stock Report (â€Å"Nike, Inc† 2010) Figure 6 : Stanley Black and Decker, Inc. Stock Report (â€Å"Stanley†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2010)

Android and iPhone Free Essays

Over the past decade, electronic companies such as Samsung and Apple has collaborated with mobile phone carriers, and researched the average consumer that could find many ways to improve the mobile phone. The outcome to this research has born the smartphone. Previously, these smartphones has provided instant access to communication entertainment, internet access, news, calendar, social media, and etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Android and iPhone or any similar topic only for you Order Now These smartphones has effect a radical change in the path of modern technology. In 2007, Apple began to be the biggest smartphone to be released. To be the most popular smartphone many companies attempt to imitate the unbeatable features. Although, when technology is involved Google has been coping to keep up with the Iphone to advance the Android software. Partly, Google’s android software has become the dominant smartphone that’s not manufactured by Apple. For this reason, Android phones are just great as an IPhones. The similarities and differences of between Apple’s phones and Android phones. The similarity between the Iphone and Androids phones is the shape of the phone. For example, most of the models has a similar shape like the Iphone by its rectangular and rounded corners shape. Nowadays, you might have seen many of theses Android phones such as, Samsungs and HTC Evo that has the exact shape. Iphone and Android phones has been noticed for their touch screens. Even though there was many disputes about who had the original design structure but the companies continue to manufacture the use of the basic structure for their smartphone. Also, Android and Iphone has authorize an 3G, 4G, and Wifi connection. Most of the modern smartphones has similar downloadable applications and app store. For example, they both have similar notification center, allowing users to view their log of missed calls, text messages, and other notification from the apps. Furthermore, Android and Iphones aren’t able to last a day without it being charged but when Apple had invented Iphone 5, they made it convenient for the phone to function up to 3 days without charging it even if you have many apps installed, despite of other phones which can only last for 8 hours. Regards to the two smartphones has shown a way to navigate and search for places to locate your destination. Whoever, you choose either of them will give you the best quality of GPS and navigators. However, both of the smartphones has different type of ways of how it’s functioned. The Iphones provide more apps than android phones. Iphones has outreach Android by thousands of apps, more updated, and faster when talking about the speed usage of the apps. For example, the apps on the IPhone has greater quality than the Android. Moreover, IPhone apps doesn’t crash as often as an Android. For example, since I been using the IPhone 6S Plus, their have been no crash that I know. Although, when I had the LG 10 before I started having issues with my apps having crashes so, I felt it was normal thing. Although, Androids given users to download whatever apps from any source. Also, Androids apps storage is less precise to software developer. Their software display are way to different. For example, the Androids are known for giving their user a way to customize the theme of the phone keyboard meanwhile IPhone are known for the simple display and easy to use. Android phones have more carrier than Iphones so, it makes them easier to find and it has many phones to choose from. Moreover, Androids has larger screens than Iphone. For example, the Galaxy note has a 5.3†³ screen although the Iphone has 3.5†³ screen. Even though some android phones have bigger screen it could be sometime difficult to use because of how big the screen is fabricated. IPhone are easy to be hold in one hand, in any size you choose. The App Store are more organized than the Play Store. Over the years, Play Store has surely improved by making it easy to navigate but Apple’s App Store has made it more favorable. The Apple Store is more straightforward by categories and popular on charts, even the Play Store. However, people will have their personal opinion of how they feel difference between the App Store and the Play Store. iPhones has more paid apps than the Android, but they also have shorter ads. The Apple’s apps are free and paid than a Android. Although, Apple’s users will be considering to spend money on apps than Google’s users. This shows that the apps for IPhone are less filled with ads. For example, the new iPhone XS Max has adjusted to pay some money for a few of the apps for free than on an Android. In conclusion, the IPhone and Android seem to be similar but has many different ways seen between the two smartphone. Both smartphones has lure different crowd of people based on what they believe should be on a smartphone, either they choose an IPhone simple display and high quality apps or Android customize and many variety of apps. The smartphone has developed for many years, which will continue to buy smartphone that people prefer. This will lead to new features, screens, more capacity, and more evolution of the smartphone. Eventually, the development of the smartphone will bring more advancement to modern technology. How to cite Android and iPhone, Papers

The Algonquin Cinderella vs. Tam and Cam free essay sample

Cinderella is one of the most popular characters in the fairy tale’s stories. More than fifteen versions of this story exist in different countries. There are two famous versions of this story among adults and children, they are The Algonquin Cinderella (Native American’s version) and Tom and Cam (Vietnamese’s version). These stories convey the same message that good will always defeat the evil. However, the Algonquin Cinderella and Tom and Cam stories differ in their aspects of belief, magic, and their ending. In the Native American version of Cinderella, the belief in women’s beauty and appearance is emphasized. The Cinderella in this story was â€Å"very small, weak, and often ill. † She was treated so harshly by her older sisters. They burnt her hands and her feet with hot cinders without any reason, and it left many scars all over her body. As a result, many people called her â€Å"the rough faced girl. We will write a custom essay sample on The Algonquin Cinderella vs. Tam and Cam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † When she was willing to see the â€Å"Invisible One,† an ideal man for every woman in that village, her sisters and all the people in the village â€Å"shouted and hooted,† â€Å"hissed and yelled† at her. No one could believe that the â€Å"rough faced girl† could see the â€Å"Invisible One† even though she was ugly and had rough face. On the other hand, the belief in the Vietnamese version of the Cinderella story has a big difference with the Native American’s version. In the Vietnamese version, Tam and Cam, Buddha was a form for their belief. In this story, Tam was the Cinderella, and Cam was the stepsister. When Tam had a rough time, Buddha always came to help her. Vietnamese people had known Buddhism since the second century, and it gave a big influence to their culture, especially to their traditional fairy tale stories. In Buddhism, they teach their disciples about karma and reincarnation which is implied in Tam and Cam’s story. In this story, it showed that Cam died because of her mean behavior; she killed Tam and took her husband. Cam thought by doing all those things, she would live peacefully. However, it did not turn out like she hoped for which is a good example of karma according to Buddhism’s doctrine. Reincarnation was also used in this story several times. When Tam was killed by her stepmother and her stepsister, she reincarnated into â€Å"a vang anh bird,† â€Å"a green thi tree,† and into real her form once again. According to the aspect of magic, the magic happened in the Algonquin Cinderella story after the sister of the â€Å"Invisible One† knew that Cinderella was the only girl that could see his brother. She took that rough faced Cinderella home and bathed her. Now, â€Å"the rough faced girl† turned into a very beautiful woman. â€Å"As she did so, all the scars disappeared from her body. Her hair grew again, as it was combed, long, like a blackbird’s wing. Her eyes were now like stars: in all the world there was no other such beauty. † (par 28). However, in Tam and Cam’s version, the magic is slightly different from the Algonquin Cinderella story. In Tam and Cam’s version, the magic happened by Buddha’s help. When Tam was upset that she did not have anything to wear to the festival, Buddha came to her and ask her to open the four jars that she had buried before. When she opened them, she found â€Å"a beautiful silk dress,† â€Å"a pair of embroidered shoes,† â€Å"a miniature horse,† and â€Å"a richly ornamented saddle and bridle. † The magic also happened when Buddha asked the birds to help Tam to separate the clean rice which was already mixed with â€Å"a basketful of unhusked rice. † Moreover, the ending of the Algonquin Cinderella story is a happy ending. The Cinderella who used to be a poor little girl and got treated harshly by her sisters turned into a very beautiful woman. She was also able to see the â€Å"Invisible One† because of her pure heart, and she had the opportunity to become his wife. Meanwhile, the Cinderella’s sisters were rejected by Invisible One’s sister because they were lying about their sight of seeing her brother. On the other hand, the ending for the Tam and Cam’s story is different with the Algonquin Cinderella story. The antagonist characters in this Vietnamese version died because of their bad behavior. Cam was killed with the boiling water. Tam also cooked her body â€Å"into ‘mam’ with a rich sauce and sent it to her stepmother, saying that was a present from her daughter. †(par 65). The stepmother died because she was very shocked after she found out that meal was her daughter’s meat. â€Å"†¦ when the jar of mam was nearly empty, she saw her daughter’s skull and fell down dead. † (par 67) Thus, the Algonquin Cinderella and Tam and Cam stories share the same message that good always defeat the evil, but they are different in their aspects of belief, magic, and their ending. These two stories have their own unique concepts base on their culture and society from each country, but in some ways, they have the same meaning and lessons as the original story of the Cinderella.

Comparison of The Acharnians essays

Comparison of The Acharnians essays Comparison of The Acharnians, Written and Performed Aristophanes words and ideas proved to be relevant in todays society in Bailiwick Theaters performance of The Acharnians. According to the program, this performance of the The Acharnians is about one mans private peace during the compassionately conservative bombing campaign on Canada, the adventures that befell him thereafter, and what Jesus and the Tooth fairy had to say about it all. Based on this description one might think that this play does not even resemble the original play that Aristophanes had intended to be performed. I too, expected it to be more true to the classic poise and rhetoric, and was a little weary when the actors entered wearing tie dye shirts and overalls. Upon closer examination and consideration, I realized however that this adaptation is quite similar to the original script. Many parallels and comparisons can be made between modern times and classical times. The crew claim to have done little in adapting the script but change the names of gods, wars, an d government officials, but some of the basic plot and ideas were altered a bit also. Dicaeopolis, like that of his counterpart in the original version of this play, is a farmer who wants peace. His goal goes beyond that however. He is depicted as an extremely liberal and radical environmentalist who is more concerned with preservation of the environment and resistance to conformity than he is concerned with peace. He is against genetically engineered food, oppression of speech, and conformity to societys ideals. These ideals are the characteristics of a white, middle class, Christian, heterosexual male with 2.3 children, one dog, and one cat. His resistance to conformity might in fact be a parallel to resistance to urban life and longing to return to rural way of life though. In this adaptation the Peloponnesian War with Sparta is ins...

The Anglo-German Naval Race

The Anglo-German Naval Race A naval arms race between Britain and Germany is often cited as a contributing factor in the start of World War I. There may be other factors that caused the war, which began in central and eastern Europe. However, there must also be something that led Britain to get involved. Given this, its easy to see why an arms race between two later warring powers would be seen as a cause. The jingoism of the press and people and the normalization of the idea of fighting each other is as important as the presence of the actual ships. Britain ‘Rules the Waves’ By 1914, Britain had long viewed their navy as the key to their status as the leading world power. While their army was small, the navy protected Britain’s colonies and trade routes. There was huge pride in the navy and Britain invested a great deal of money and effort to hold to the ‘two-power’ standard, which held that Britain would maintain a navy as large as the next two greatest naval powers combined. Until 1904, those powers were France and Russia. In the early twentieth century, Britain engaged in a large program of reform: better training and better ships were the result. Germany Targets the Royal Navy Everyone assumed naval power equaled domination, and that a war would see large set piece naval battles. Around 1904, Britain came to a worrying conclusion: Germany intended to create a fleet to match the Royal Navy. Although the Kaiser denied this was his empire’s aim, Germany hungered for colonies and a greater martial reputation and ordered large shipbuilding initiatives, such as those found in the 1898 and 1900 acts. Germany didn’t necessarily want war, but to browbeat Britain into giving colonial concessions, as well as boosting their industry and uniting some parts of the German nation - who were alienated by the elitist army - behind a new military project everyone could feel part of. Britain decided this couldn’t be allowed, and replaced Russia with Germany in the two-power calculations. An arms race began. The Naval Race In 1906, Britain launched a ship which changed the naval paradigm (at least to contemporaries). Called HMS Dreadnought, it was so large and heavily gunned it effectively made all other battleships obsolete and gave its name to a new class of ship. All the great naval powers now had to supplement their navy with Dreadnoughts, all starting from zero. Jingoism or patriotic sentiment stirred up both Britain and Germany, with slogans like â€Å"we want eight and we won’t wait† used to try and spur the rival building projects, with the numbers produced rising as each tried to outdo each other. It’s important to stress that although some advocated a strategy designed to destroy the other country’s naval power, much of the rivalry was friendly, like competing brothers. Britain’s part in the naval race is perhaps understandable - it was an island with a global empire – but Germany’s is more confusing, as it was a largely landlocked nation with little that needed defending by sea. Either way, both sides spent huge sums of money. Who Won? When the war started in 1914, Britain was held to have won the race by people looking just at the number and size of the ships, which was what most people did. Britain had started with more than Germany and ended with more. But Germany had focused on areas that Britain had glossed over, like naval gunnery, meaning her ships would be more effective in an actual battle. Britain had created ships with longer range guns than Germany, but German ships had better armor. Training was arguably better in the German ships, and British sailors had the initiative trained out of them. In addition, the larger British navy had to be spread over a larger area than the Germans had to defend. Ultimately, there was only one major naval battle of World War I, the Battle of Jutland, and it is still debated who really won. How much of the First World War, in terms of starting and willingness to fight, was down to the naval race? It is arguable that a notable amount can be attributed to the naval race.

Operation Management - Maritime, Oil Spills Research Paper

Operation Management - Maritime, Oil Spills - Research Paper Example Discussion Oil spillage has extreme negative impacts on the environment in terms of pollution. This affects the communities that heavily depend on water for their lively hoods and their survival. The most directly affected by oil spills are the marine plants and animals because they live in the same environment that spillage takes place. Spillage can be as a result of oil seeping from the underwater reservoir, accidents of ships carrying oil and also from land sources. The sea animals are subject to both indirect and direct repercussions of oil spillage. According to Neff (2002), some of the direct effects include; inhalation problems, which commonly affect whales, dolphins and sea turtles. These animals require oxygen for their survival. They animals usually come to the water surface constantly to inhale oxygen. The inhalation of dangerous materials can cause irritation, pneumonia or inflammation of their respiratory organs. Negative impacts can also be felt on their digestion mecha nisms where these animals are unable to either digest or absorb food. Human beings are also directly affected by oil spills. When oil spills, it creates a vapor in the air which is as a result of evaporation of oil in the air since oil is a semi –volatile product. ... Oil spill also affects mangrove trees whose rate of growth tends to be slow when their prop roots are covered with oil (Burger, 1994). Oil spillage has posed a very significant challenge on fisheries which also acts as a food reservoir. Oil spills has affected the genetics of some fish which has affected their egg bearing. Oil spillage may also lead to extinction of certain types of fish in the sea in the near future which may lead to the closure of fisheries if several types of fish become extinct in the sea. Oil spills may cause loss of color on fish and lead to their loss of weight the reasons that may cause fishing to be closed for some time because this fish will be unfit for human consumption thereby causing food shortage (Neff, 2002). Boats and other sea vessels are prone to destruction because of running on viscous and thick layers of oil which have resulted from oil leaked from pipes in the underwater. Some thick oil globules present in the water due to oil spillage may be s ucked in the boat’s systems, which definitely affect the functioning of the boat due to the fact that all systems draw water into the boat near the surface. For it to function well, a very strategic cleanup process is used to disperse and manage the mess. Many ships, boats and other sea vessels may tend to avoid their travelling schedules until the oil spillages under control thus causing congestion of traffic and goods to be transported (Burger, 1994). Trade may also be adversely affected by oil spillage due to various factors. One of factors may be due to interruption of transportation lines where boats and other marine vessels may fail to operate due to oil

Feminism through equality and liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Feminism through equality and liberty - Essay Example viously, if we are still being asked if a person’s attitudes towards females and minorities would influence the decision to vote for a candidate or not, there can not be said to be true equality for all. While many of the overt obstacles towards equality have been dealt with through legislature, this does not mean that people will automatically change their minds. Considering this, much of what has been written in the past about gender and equality still hold true today. There is an idealized notion of what equality means today, namely, that all people have the ability to do as they desire without other people attempting to limit their efforts based on any sort of preconceptions of race or gender. In discussing gender specifically, one must conclude that although attitudes have improved in general, there is still much in the way of individuals’ attitudes that must be accepting of differences in gender and sex before true equality can exist between males and females. Immanuel Kant attempted to lay a framework for the ways in which morality would function in Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. He stated that â€Å"Intelligence, wit, judgment†¦are doubtless in many respects good and desirable. But they can become extremely bad and harmful if the will†¦is not good† (612). He was stating that these traits by themselves could not lead people into moral behavior. To relate this to equality, intelligence, wit and judgment, these traits alone cannot lead a person to treat all people in a moral fashion. Morality is not inherent upon anything but a good will. If a person is to discuss morality, obviously one cannot make any sort of value judgments about who deserves to be morally treated based upon gender alone. As Kant says, â€Å"To be kind where one can is duty†¦that kind of action alone has no true moral worth† (613). Duty in itself, he is stating, has no inherent morality in and of itself. Actions are in need of conscious intentions in order to

Transformation of Media Forms - The theory of Evolution from paper to the internet :: essays research papers fc

Transformation of Media Forms The theory of evolution from paper to the internet The theory of evolution must ‘evolve’ with the transforming media forms around it to maintain its scientific and social relevance. In other words, it must shift from the conventional media forms such as journals, books and publications and move towards the ways of the internet. Even collective groups of scientists and evolutionists can be shifted from physical to online gatherings via the ways of the internet and its related technologies. The majority of internet users throughout the world see the net as simply an enormous link-up of the world’s computers, after all, this is the ‘universal answer’ people tend to give when asked â€Å"what is the internet?†. Although this common answer is a pretty accurate image, it would be more correct to describe the internet as a â€Å"global network of hardware and software which stores and transports information from a content provider to an end user† . This infrastructure allows any person who wish es to say anything, access to say it to the world. Controversial topics are abundant on the World Wide Web, and this media form enables these topics to be discussed, investigated, or challenged. Evolution is defined as being: â€Å"A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form†. Arguments for evolution include The Fossil Record, Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection, and Biological Evidence. Arguments against evolution include The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Things Never From Other Living Things, Complex Systems Never Evolve Bit by Bit, and then there are the Christian-derived theories such as Why are jellyfish fossils evidence against Evolution? . The internet’s foundations can be traced back to its beginnings in the US military. In 1957 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) launched Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite. In response, the United States formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defence (DoD), to establish a U.S. lead in science and technology applicable to the military. The U.S. DoD was curious as to how it could maintain its command and control over its missiles and bombers, after a nuclear attack. The plan was to develop a military research network that could survive a nuclear strike, and which was decentralized so that if any cities in the U.S. were attacked, the military could still have control of nuclear arms for a counter-attack. This was the first step in the development of the internet, as we know it today.

Healthcare Policy And Quality Essay

The essay will examine the management of medicines policy on standards in medication errors by nurses in the hospital environment, the guidelines that nurses must follow when giving medication in order to avoid medication errors. A definition for ‘medication error’ will be given. Further issues to be discussed include; why medication error happens, approaches aimed at minimising medication error and the importance of teamwork , a brief reflection and a conclusion based on the findings will be given. The use of medication process involves different health care professionals as a result , medication error can take place relating to a series of steps in the drug delivery process, and includes the process of prescribing, dispensing, transcribing and administration (Chua et al., 2009 ; Zhan et al., 2006), thereby making room for error to take place. Subsequent to prescribing errors, the administration of medication errors is the most frequent type as they are more likely to r each the patients and the greater chance of causing patient harm (Chua et al.,2009). The legislation of medicines applies to prescribing, supply, storage and administration and it is important to have knowledge of and adhere to this legislation (Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008; Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) (2009). The medicine management policy on standards in reporting medication errors, near misses and adverse drug reactions was located on the Local Trust’s website and was easy to access. The Local trust is an acute, non-profit, health service. From the policy all staff involved in the prescribing , administration, dispensing and checking of medicine has the responsibility to ensure the policy is implemented and adhered to. In the local trust policy it states any member of staff can report a medication safety incident, near miss or adverse outcome. The local Trust Policy was reviewed in January 2012. The trust will also monitor all medication related incidents and an annual audit will be carried out to assess the effectiveness of the policy. The audit will be undertaken on a random selection of 30 cases of reported incidents. This Local Trust implemented the guidelines for the administration of medicines by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008 which gives the information a prescription  chart must contain for safe and correct drug administration and gives clear principles for prescribing medicines. If the prescription is clear and accurate, errors are less likely to occur. The guidelines also states: â€Å"In exercising your professional accountability in the best interests of your patients; as a registrant, you must know the therapeutic use of the medicine to be administered, its normal dosage,side effects, precautions and contraindications,be certain of the identity of the patient to whom the medicine is to be administered , be aware of the patient’s plan of care† To appreciate medication mistakes and discuss policies for reducing and reporting medication errors, it is useful to understand the term ‘medication error’. The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention states: ‘ a medication error is any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of health professional, patient or consumer’ (cited in Chua et al., 2009 p. 215). Different standards and policies are formed for varied circumstances and situations as well as routine moments (Unver, 2012). One such standard is the Standard for Medicine Management which replaces the Guidelines for the Administration of Medicines 2004, even though many of its principles remain relevant today (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008. This standard points out the various ways of managing medicine for nurses as they are required to take responsibility for their actions and omissions for any errors they make when giving any medicine (Copping, 2005). Usually, medical mistakes do not harm patients (Department of Health (DoH) (2004). Although, the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) (2009) gave a written account that in England, less than 1% of the key instance of harm or death in the National Health Institute (NHS) were directly linked to medication error; 155 medical instances gave rise to severe harm and 42 deaths. Standards in the NHS are used to make sure proces ses and procedures are carried out in a uniform and consistent manner to help professionals and patients ( Tzeng et al., 2013). Also , the same process should be carried out in the same way  wherever the site or location and under the same circumstance. This uniformity removes errors from personal judgement and panic decisions during situations which could ultimately lead to the death of people under various circumstances ( Fore et al., 2012). The administration of medication is likely to be based on errors in nursing as under normal circumstances, nurses are involved in the administration process and they spend 40% of their time giving it (Wright, 2013; Unver et al., 2012). Hence some studies have reported high error rates, indicating that nurses are putting patients in danger, when such errors would cause a low or minor risk to the patient (Wright, 2013). It is of great value to establish the cause of errors so that solutions can be put in place to reduce medication error rates. Although there are medication policies, adherence to these policies are low (Kim and Bates, 2012). Prior to medication administration, the following checks should be done : ‘right medication, in the right dose, to the right person, by the right route, at the right time’ (Kim and Bates, 2012) . Despite the guideline established in the administration of medicines using the ‘five rights’, nurses may conduct in a way and give inaccurate assurance that the practice is safe ( Unver et al., 2012). Non-adherence to the ‘five rights’ of medicine administration were observed by Kim and Bates (2012), the observations show that for : wrong dose (1.8%), wrong medicine (13%), wrong time (7.1%), wrong person (5.2%) and wrong route (1.8%). An observation of potential error in the administration of medicine was made during a recent clinical placement in an elderly ward of a local trust. The ward has 30 beds and medicines were supplied in bulk to the ward, though more specific medicines were provided as single items on receiving a prescription by the pharmacy department. In addition, medication orders were written by doctors directly onto the patient’s medication chart without transcribing.The medication was given by nurses by referring to the medication chart. In view of human error, it was noted that the registered nurses on duty worked over 12 hours a day and Tzeng et al., (2013) noted that taking everything into account nurses function is significantly greater when working a regular 8hour shift compared to over 12hours shift. Further circumstances that contributed to medical errors by nurses include;  tiredness which can affect concentration (Copping , 2005), being distracted or interrupted (Wright,2013; Fore 2013), loss of concentration and a belief about limited drug calculation and numeracy skills among nurses ( Ramjan 2011). In addition, Leape et al., (1995) reported other types of medication errors: short of knowledge of the drug, information about the patient, in breach of the rule, slip and memory lapses, transcription errors, faulty drug identity checking, not interacting with other services, not checking the dose, insufficient monitoring , drug stocking and delivery problems Unver et al., (2012) also noted that medication error can also be as a result of systematic factors like heavy workload ; for example, a study carried out by Karadeniz and Cakmakci , (2002) in Turkey reported nurses fatigue was the primary cause of medication errors. Another factor is insufficient training . It has been wel l-known that newly qualified nurses lack of skills in clinical settings affects the occurrence of medication errors. A patient’s circumstance, that is complex health conditions), doctor issue (multiple orders, illegible handwriting) and nurse aspect (personal neglect, newly qualified staff, not familiar with medication and patient) . The avoidance of medication errors is extremely imperative for patient safety (Unver, et al., 2012). In the early 2000s Pape et al., (2005) was the first to initiate the use of aviation’s ‘ sterile cockpit’ code which has gained awareness in the health care to cut down on distraction during clinical tasks. The process included the use of vests and signs. The words ‘Do Not Disturb’ positioned in the medication vicinity were used as prompts to reduce distraction. Members of staff were also asked not to disrupt or distract the nurse doing the medication round of the ward. As a result , Pape’s (2003) study found 63% fewer distraction when using a firm checklist set of rules. Similarly, a study by Federwisch (2008) reported a 50% decrease in the number of staff interruptions, an increase of 50% in the standardisation of medication administration, 15% progress in the time vital to administer medications and 18% increase in on-time medication delivery when nurses wore yellow sashes during medication administration. On the whole, to lessen medication errors, the collaboration among doctors,  pharmacists and nurses is necessary ( DoH, 2004). Doctors must know their shortcoming and recognize their interconnection with other health care professionals (Pedersen et al., 2007), in particular nurse prescribers who help to ease the work of junior doctors. Verification by another nurse is essential as double checking by other nurses in adherence to the ‘five rights’ of medicine administration can help reduce an error (DoH, 2004). Subsequently, pharmacists can lessen the chance of errors by being in attendance on the ward drug rounds and chipping in their drug knowledge (DoH, 2004). Moreover, everyone in the health care team can help reduce medical errors by keeping a reflective journal (Tzeng et al., 2013 ) as a practical self-help tool, though there is a not enough of empirical study to support its valuable effects (Fore, 2013). According to Fore (2013), health professionals can reflect by one or more of the subsequent methods: welcoming feedback from colleagues about strengths and weaknesses; checks on critical incidents to find out what went wrong , why it went wrong and how to avoid a recurrence of an error; use of a diary for self evaluation and recognize knowledge gaps. It is generally accepted that system factors presents itself with medication errors in health care, nurses are the health professionals that frequently encounter and report medications error ( Roughead and Semple 2008). On the contrary, a study by Unver et al ,(2012) points out, more than half of nurses do not give an account of some medication errors as they are frightened of their colleagues’ reactions. As a result , it is important to foster a culture that is less fixed on laying guilt to promote communication and error reporting. The need to reduce medication error is a continuing process of quality improvement (Unver et al.,2 012). According to Sanders (2005) , to establish risk is the first act to undertake, as any other strategy to reduce risk may be inappropriate. This can be made by means of using tools such as audit ( Montesi and Lechi, 2009). The World Health Organisation’s (WHO) (2009) framework for the classification of problem, process and outcomes of patient safety events is a practical base for a framework to learn the circumstances surrounding medication error. In spite of information of under-reporting of medication errors, especially by physicians, (Franklin et al., 2007) incident reporting can produce an awareness into the errors that happen and make easy identification of contributing factors (Malpass et al., 1999a). Moreover, a  UK Government white paper, put forward standardisation of audit as part of professional health care (Montesi and Lechi, 2009). The National Institute for Heatlh and Clinical Excellence(NICE) (2002), defined clinical audit as : â€Å"a quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care through systematic review of care against explicit criteria and the implementation of change† ( cited in Montesi and Lechi, 2009, p. 3). Clinical audit is a learning tool , which encourages high- quality care and should be implemented regularly and it offers an organised framework for inspecting and judging the work of health care professionals ( Montesi and Lechi, 2009; NICE, 2002). Audit is also a way of measuring and monitoring practice across a well- set of agreed standards and finding mismatches in the written word and actual practice. Similarly, detecting medication errors can also be through a chart review, reporting of incident, monitoring of patients, direct observation and computer monitoring (Montesi and Lechi, 2009). The only technique used for identifying errors of administration of medications is by direct observation ( Montesi and Lechi, 2009). This is done under the observation of a trained nurse by noting the similarity or dissimilarity between what is done in the administration and the original physician orders. In addition to direct observation, reporting systems is another process obtained from pro cedures in high-reliability organisation. On the other hand, reports given to legal services can cause confusion and bring about a connotation of blame (( Montesi and Lechi, 2009). Incident of reporting was first used in the UK by the Royal College of Anaesthetists. According to Montesi and Lechi ( 2009), there are two safety-oriented levels of reports. First, incident reporting where it is required that a the details recorded are concise, legible and a true version of events are recorded and sent to the central organisation , which supplies regular statistical reports and raising concerns about quality improvement. Secondly, voluntary reporting . This process is anonymous, confidential and blame- free.The benefits of voluntary reporting include; the detection of active and hidden system failures, evidence of significant processes and the distribution of a culture of safety ( Stump, 2000). Other methods include; patient monitoring, by interviewing, satisfaction surveys and focus groups. Through this, patients can learn about medication errors. With reference the Local Trust Policy, patients now receive an individualised medicine patient  information leaflet (PIL) detailing their in-patient and discharge medicine by advising them about any possible side effects and dosage information, contact details should more information be required. During placement, it was essential that the ‘five rights’ is followed during a medication round with the nurses. It became fully aware that the ‘five Rs’ is the most thorough way to prevent medication error arising. This policy has helped me establish how and why using the correct procedure helps to minimise administration errors from happening. Not all but most of the nurses at the placement adhered to the guidelines that the policy set out. In conclusion, the essay demonstrated that medication administration errors are still a continual problem that is related to practice in nursing . Nurses are mainly involved in medication administration. They also have an exceptional role of identifying and stopping errors that occur in the various stages. Encouraging patient safety should have a number of approaches that involve more than direct care nursing staff. Another basic cause, is human- factor, therefore a professional education with individuals and system focuses on patient safety matter is essential. Lastly, health professionals accountable for the prescribing, dispensing and administration of medicines must work collectively as team members in the ward environment . The essay also demonstrated how the problem of medication administration error can be dealt with by the National Health Service.

The Structure Of The American Family Structures - 933 Words

The understanding of the Diverse Family Structures is important as the structure of the American family grows and changes. To be an effective teacher you need to understand your students and their family structure. Some reach I did on this to become more equipped in understanding the family structure while teaching diversity The Many Kinds of Families in Our Communities by Julie Edwards describes the many different types of family structures and a brief description of each one. The next article in my research by Lin, Lake Rice comes from the Teacher Education Quarterly titled Building Relationships Between Teachers and Diverse Families. This article is very helpful as it brings teachers, students and parents together to discuss teaching diversity and understanding diverse family structures. 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